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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography
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2 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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3 Cognitivism
Cognitivism in psychology and philosophy is roughly the position that intelligent behavior can (only) be explained by appeal to internal "cognitive processes." (Haugeland, 1981a, p. 243)Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary effort drawing on psychology and linguistics, and philosophy. Emboldened by an apparent convergence of interests, some scientists in these fields have chosen not to reject mental functions out of hand as the behaviorists did. Instead, they have relied on the concept of mental representations and on a set of assumptions collectively called the functionalist positions. From this viewpoint, people behave according to knowledge made up of symbolic mental representations. Cognition consists of the manipulation of these symbols. Psychological phenomena are described in terms of functional processes.The efficacy of such processes resides in the possibility of interpreting items as symbols in an abstract and well-defined way, according to a set of unequivocal rules. Such a set of rules constitutes what is known as a syntax.The exercise of these syntactical rules is a form of computation.... Computation is assumed to be largely independent of the structure and the mode of development of the nervous system, just as a piece of computer software can run on different machines with different architectures and is thus "independent" of them....This point of view-called cognitivism by some-has had a great vogue and has prompted a burst of psychological work of great interest and value. Accompanying it have been a set of remarkable ideas.... I cannot overemphasize the degree to which these ideas or their variants pervade modern science.... But I must also add that the cognitivist enterprise rests on a set of unexamined assumptions. One of its most curious deficiencies is that it makes only marginal reference to the biological foundations that underlie the mechanisms it purports to explain. The result is a scientific deviation as great as that of the behaviorism it has attempted to supplant. (Edelman, 1992, pp. 13-14)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cognitivism
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4 MAC
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Mammalian Artificial Chromosome, hum. сокр. Marker And Cell, (Media Access Control) управление доступом к среде (1. Подуровень канального уровня ( семиуровневой модели OSI). Определяет методы доступа к среде передачи данных, формат кадров и адресацию. 2. Часть протокола канального ур), move, add and change, moves, adds and changes, Midlands Arts Centre2) Компьютерная техника: Motorola Advanced Computer, Multiple Architecture Computer3) Авиация: САХ (Средняя Аэродинамическая Хорда)4) Медицина: синдром Морганьи-Адамса-Стокса5) Американизм: Market Access and Compliance, Men Against Communism, Multi Agency Complex6) Спорт: Mid America Conference7) Военный термин: Maintenance Advisory Committee, Make A Change, Marine amphibious corps, Maritime Air Command, Medical Administration Corps, Military Affairs Committee, Military Areas of Coordination, Military Armistice Commission, Military Assistance Command, Military Aviation College, Missile Advisory Committee, Missile Analysis Center, Mission Assurance Category, Mixed Armistice Commission, Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare Attack Craft, Multi-Array Correlator, main allocation chart, maintenance allocation chart, major air command, maneuver area command, manpower authorization change, maximum admissible concentration, maximum air concentration, medium armoured car, military aid to the community, missile activation circuit, mission assignment code, mobilization availability category, mock air combat, motor ambulance convoy, смешанная комиссия по перемирию, Military Airlift Command (Now Air Mobility Command), Military Airlift Command (сейчас AMC)8) Техника: Macintosh computer, maintenance action card, maintenance analysis center, management advisory committee, material accounting, memory access controller, minimal alveolar concentration, multiple-access computer9) Шутливое выражение: Machine Always Crashes10) Юридический термин: Middle Aged Cops, (Material Adverse Change) существенное неблагоприятное изменение обстоятельств11) Страхование: Maritime Arbitration Commission12) Грубое выражение: Must Act Crappy13) Горное дело: предельно допустимая концентрация14) Металлургия: metal-arc cutting15) Телекоммуникации: Media Access Control (IEEE 802)16) Сокращение: Macedonian, Mainland China Affairs Council (Taiwan), Mean Aerodynamic Chord, Medium Armored Car (USA), Military Airlift Command (Now defunct (USAF)), Modular Artillery Charge system (US Army), Multiply ACcumulate (computer operation), machine-aided cognition, military aircraft command, monitor and control, multi-application computer, multiple access computer, an MIT interdepartmental lab (renamed to LCS; stands for many things), Maintenance Analysis Centre, Military Air Command, Multiple Access Channel, Multiplier-Accumulator, Multiply and Accumulate17) Университет: Man And Computer, Mathematics Access Centre, Mathematics And Computation18) Физиология: Macerated, Monitored Anesthesia Care, Mycobacterium Avium Complex19) Электроника: Multiplexed Analogue Components20) Вычислительная техника: media access control, memory address controller, microprocessor-array computer, multiplexed analog component, расширение файлов растровых изображений MacPaint, Membership Advisory Committee (ICANN), Media Access Control (ISO, OSI, LAN, WLAN), Mandatory Access Control (MLS), Message Authentication Code (SSL, SRT, Verschluesselung), an MIT interdepartmental lab (stands for many things, renamed to LCS)21) Нефть: MPC, maximum acceptable concentration, maximum permissible concentration, карта распределения работ по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance allocation chart), консультативный комитет по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance advisory committee), максимальная допустимая концентрация (minimal allowable concentration), пункт анализа работ по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance analysis center), maximal allowable concentration22) Анестезиология: monitored anesthesia care (анестезиологическое сопровождение), Минимальная альвеолярная концентрация23) Иммунология: membrane attack complex24) Космонавтика: Middle Atmosphere Co-operation programme25) Транспорт: Manifest Analysis And Certification, Midair Attitude Correction, Military Airlift Command26) Воздухоплавание: Multi Access Computer28) Деловая лексика: Marketing Advertising And Communication, Middle Area Conference, Multi Actors Cooperation29) Бытовая техника: управление доступом к среде передачи30) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: mechanical acceptance certificate, (P) manual alarm call (point), генподряд по системам автоматизации, major automatization contractor главный подрядчик по автоматизации31) Образование: Minority Achievement Committee32) Сетевые технологии: Media Access Controller, mandatory access control, medium access control, message authentification code, код аутентификации сообщений, полномочное управление доступом, управление доступом к линии связи, управление доступом к среде34) Полимеры: maximum allowable concentration35) Программирование: Measured Attenuation Correction36) Автоматика: manual adaptive control37) Сахалин Р: Main Automation Contractor, Manual Alarm Call (P)38) Химическое оружие: MAC daily average39) Безопасность: message authentication check40) Криптография: (Message Authentication Code) имитозащита (по крайней мере, в частных случаях программисты имеют в виду это)41) Расширение файла: Media/Medium Access Control, Message Authentication Code, Multiple Access Computers, Macintosh (Apple Macintosh Computer), Graphic format (MAC Paint)42) Нефть и газ: Main Automations Contract, контракт на основные средства автоматизации, основной контракт по автоматике, основной контракт по автоматике трубопровода, main automation contract43) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: Кнопки аварийной пожарной сигнализации44) Майкрософт: код проверки подлинности сообщения45) Общественная организация: Missions Across Canada46) Должность: MAKEUP ART and COSMETICS, Management And Administrative Computing47) Международная торговля: Market Access & Compliance -
5 MAc
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Mammalian Artificial Chromosome, hum. сокр. Marker And Cell, (Media Access Control) управление доступом к среде (1. Подуровень канального уровня ( семиуровневой модели OSI). Определяет методы доступа к среде передачи данных, формат кадров и адресацию. 2. Часть протокола канального ур), move, add and change, moves, adds and changes, Midlands Arts Centre2) Компьютерная техника: Motorola Advanced Computer, Multiple Architecture Computer3) Авиация: САХ (Средняя Аэродинамическая Хорда)4) Медицина: синдром Морганьи-Адамса-Стокса5) Американизм: Market Access and Compliance, Men Against Communism, Multi Agency Complex6) Спорт: Mid America Conference7) Военный термин: Maintenance Advisory Committee, Make A Change, Marine amphibious corps, Maritime Air Command, Medical Administration Corps, Military Affairs Committee, Military Areas of Coordination, Military Armistice Commission, Military Assistance Command, Military Aviation College, Missile Advisory Committee, Missile Analysis Center, Mission Assurance Category, Mixed Armistice Commission, Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare Attack Craft, Multi-Array Correlator, main allocation chart, maintenance allocation chart, major air command, maneuver area command, manpower authorization change, maximum admissible concentration, maximum air concentration, medium armoured car, military aid to the community, missile activation circuit, mission assignment code, mobilization availability category, mock air combat, motor ambulance convoy, смешанная комиссия по перемирию, Military Airlift Command (Now Air Mobility Command), Military Airlift Command (сейчас AMC)8) Техника: Macintosh computer, maintenance action card, maintenance analysis center, management advisory committee, material accounting, memory access controller, minimal alveolar concentration, multiple-access computer9) Шутливое выражение: Machine Always Crashes10) Юридический термин: Middle Aged Cops, (Material Adverse Change) существенное неблагоприятное изменение обстоятельств11) Страхование: Maritime Arbitration Commission12) Грубое выражение: Must Act Crappy13) Горное дело: предельно допустимая концентрация14) Металлургия: metal-arc cutting15) Телекоммуникации: Media Access Control (IEEE 802)16) Сокращение: Macedonian, Mainland China Affairs Council (Taiwan), Mean Aerodynamic Chord, Medium Armored Car (USA), Military Airlift Command (Now defunct (USAF)), Modular Artillery Charge system (US Army), Multiply ACcumulate (computer operation), machine-aided cognition, military aircraft command, monitor and control, multi-application computer, multiple access computer, an MIT interdepartmental lab (renamed to LCS; stands for many things), Maintenance Analysis Centre, Military Air Command, Multiple Access Channel, Multiplier-Accumulator, Multiply and Accumulate17) Университет: Man And Computer, Mathematics Access Centre, Mathematics And Computation18) Физиология: Macerated, Monitored Anesthesia Care, Mycobacterium Avium Complex19) Электроника: Multiplexed Analogue Components20) Вычислительная техника: media access control, memory address controller, microprocessor-array computer, multiplexed analog component, расширение файлов растровых изображений MacPaint, Membership Advisory Committee (ICANN), Media Access Control (ISO, OSI, LAN, WLAN), Mandatory Access Control (MLS), Message Authentication Code (SSL, SRT, Verschluesselung), an MIT interdepartmental lab (stands for many things, renamed to LCS)21) Нефть: MPC, maximum acceptable concentration, maximum permissible concentration, карта распределения работ по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance allocation chart), консультативный комитет по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance advisory committee), максимальная допустимая концентрация (minimal allowable concentration), пункт анализа работ по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance analysis center), maximal allowable concentration22) Анестезиология: monitored anesthesia care (анестезиологическое сопровождение), Минимальная альвеолярная концентрация23) Иммунология: membrane attack complex24) Космонавтика: Middle Atmosphere Co-operation programme25) Транспорт: Manifest Analysis And Certification, Midair Attitude Correction, Military Airlift Command26) Воздухоплавание: Multi Access Computer28) Деловая лексика: Marketing Advertising And Communication, Middle Area Conference, Multi Actors Cooperation29) Бытовая техника: управление доступом к среде передачи30) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: mechanical acceptance certificate, (P) manual alarm call (point), генподряд по системам автоматизации, major automatization contractor главный подрядчик по автоматизации31) Образование: Minority Achievement Committee32) Сетевые технологии: Media Access Controller, mandatory access control, medium access control, message authentification code, код аутентификации сообщений, полномочное управление доступом, управление доступом к линии связи, управление доступом к среде34) Полимеры: maximum allowable concentration35) Программирование: Measured Attenuation Correction36) Автоматика: manual adaptive control37) Сахалин Р: Main Automation Contractor, Manual Alarm Call (P)38) Химическое оружие: MAC daily average39) Безопасность: message authentication check40) Криптография: (Message Authentication Code) имитозащита (по крайней мере, в частных случаях программисты имеют в виду это)41) Расширение файла: Media/Medium Access Control, Message Authentication Code, Multiple Access Computers, Macintosh (Apple Macintosh Computer), Graphic format (MAC Paint)42) Нефть и газ: Main Automations Contract, контракт на основные средства автоматизации, основной контракт по автоматике, основной контракт по автоматике трубопровода, main automation contract43) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: Кнопки аварийной пожарной сигнализации44) Майкрософт: код проверки подлинности сообщения45) Общественная организация: Missions Across Canada46) Должность: MAKEUP ART and COSMETICS, Management And Administrative Computing47) Международная торговля: Market Access & Compliance -
6 Mac
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Mammalian Artificial Chromosome, hum. сокр. Marker And Cell, (Media Access Control) управление доступом к среде (1. Подуровень канального уровня ( семиуровневой модели OSI). Определяет методы доступа к среде передачи данных, формат кадров и адресацию. 2. Часть протокола канального ур), move, add and change, moves, adds and changes, Midlands Arts Centre2) Компьютерная техника: Motorola Advanced Computer, Multiple Architecture Computer3) Авиация: САХ (Средняя Аэродинамическая Хорда)4) Медицина: синдром Морганьи-Адамса-Стокса5) Американизм: Market Access and Compliance, Men Against Communism, Multi Agency Complex6) Спорт: Mid America Conference7) Военный термин: Maintenance Advisory Committee, Make A Change, Marine amphibious corps, Maritime Air Command, Medical Administration Corps, Military Affairs Committee, Military Areas of Coordination, Military Armistice Commission, Military Assistance Command, Military Aviation College, Missile Advisory Committee, Missile Analysis Center, Mission Assurance Category, Mixed Armistice Commission, Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare Attack Craft, Multi-Array Correlator, main allocation chart, maintenance allocation chart, major air command, maneuver area command, manpower authorization change, maximum admissible concentration, maximum air concentration, medium armoured car, military aid to the community, missile activation circuit, mission assignment code, mobilization availability category, mock air combat, motor ambulance convoy, смешанная комиссия по перемирию, Military Airlift Command (Now Air Mobility Command), Military Airlift Command (сейчас AMC)8) Техника: Macintosh computer, maintenance action card, maintenance analysis center, management advisory committee, material accounting, memory access controller, minimal alveolar concentration, multiple-access computer9) Шутливое выражение: Machine Always Crashes10) Юридический термин: Middle Aged Cops, (Material Adverse Change) существенное неблагоприятное изменение обстоятельств11) Страхование: Maritime Arbitration Commission12) Грубое выражение: Must Act Crappy13) Горное дело: предельно допустимая концентрация14) Металлургия: metal-arc cutting15) Телекоммуникации: Media Access Control (IEEE 802)16) Сокращение: Macedonian, Mainland China Affairs Council (Taiwan), Mean Aerodynamic Chord, Medium Armored Car (USA), Military Airlift Command (Now defunct (USAF)), Modular Artillery Charge system (US Army), Multiply ACcumulate (computer operation), machine-aided cognition, military aircraft command, monitor and control, multi-application computer, multiple access computer, an MIT interdepartmental lab (renamed to LCS; stands for many things), Maintenance Analysis Centre, Military Air Command, Multiple Access Channel, Multiplier-Accumulator, Multiply and Accumulate17) Университет: Man And Computer, Mathematics Access Centre, Mathematics And Computation18) Физиология: Macerated, Monitored Anesthesia Care, Mycobacterium Avium Complex19) Электроника: Multiplexed Analogue Components20) Вычислительная техника: media access control, memory address controller, microprocessor-array computer, multiplexed analog component, расширение файлов растровых изображений MacPaint, Membership Advisory Committee (ICANN), Media Access Control (ISO, OSI, LAN, WLAN), Mandatory Access Control (MLS), Message Authentication Code (SSL, SRT, Verschluesselung), an MIT interdepartmental lab (stands for many things, renamed to LCS)21) Нефть: MPC, maximum acceptable concentration, maximum permissible concentration, карта распределения работ по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance allocation chart), консультативный комитет по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance advisory committee), максимальная допустимая концентрация (minimal allowable concentration), пункт анализа работ по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance analysis center), maximal allowable concentration22) Анестезиология: monitored anesthesia care (анестезиологическое сопровождение), Минимальная альвеолярная концентрация23) Иммунология: membrane attack complex24) Космонавтика: Middle Atmosphere Co-operation programme25) Транспорт: Manifest Analysis And Certification, Midair Attitude Correction, Military Airlift Command26) Воздухоплавание: Multi Access Computer28) Деловая лексика: Marketing Advertising And Communication, Middle Area Conference, Multi Actors Cooperation29) Бытовая техника: управление доступом к среде передачи30) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: mechanical acceptance certificate, (P) manual alarm call (point), генподряд по системам автоматизации, major automatization contractor главный подрядчик по автоматизации31) Образование: Minority Achievement Committee32) Сетевые технологии: Media Access Controller, mandatory access control, medium access control, message authentification code, код аутентификации сообщений, полномочное управление доступом, управление доступом к линии связи, управление доступом к среде34) Полимеры: maximum allowable concentration35) Программирование: Measured Attenuation Correction36) Автоматика: manual adaptive control37) Сахалин Р: Main Automation Contractor, Manual Alarm Call (P)38) Химическое оружие: MAC daily average39) Безопасность: message authentication check40) Криптография: (Message Authentication Code) имитозащита (по крайней мере, в частных случаях программисты имеют в виду это)41) Расширение файла: Media/Medium Access Control, Message Authentication Code, Multiple Access Computers, Macintosh (Apple Macintosh Computer), Graphic format (MAC Paint)42) Нефть и газ: Main Automations Contract, контракт на основные средства автоматизации, основной контракт по автоматике, основной контракт по автоматике трубопровода, main automation contract43) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: Кнопки аварийной пожарной сигнализации44) Майкрософт: код проверки подлинности сообщения45) Общественная организация: Missions Across Canada46) Должность: MAKEUP ART and COSMETICS, Management And Administrative Computing47) Международная торговля: Market Access & Compliance -
7 mac
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Mammalian Artificial Chromosome, hum. сокр. Marker And Cell, (Media Access Control) управление доступом к среде (1. Подуровень канального уровня ( семиуровневой модели OSI). Определяет методы доступа к среде передачи данных, формат кадров и адресацию. 2. Часть протокола канального ур), move, add and change, moves, adds and changes, Midlands Arts Centre2) Компьютерная техника: Motorola Advanced Computer, Multiple Architecture Computer3) Авиация: САХ (Средняя Аэродинамическая Хорда)4) Медицина: синдром Морганьи-Адамса-Стокса5) Американизм: Market Access and Compliance, Men Against Communism, Multi Agency Complex6) Спорт: Mid America Conference7) Военный термин: Maintenance Advisory Committee, Make A Change, Marine amphibious corps, Maritime Air Command, Medical Administration Corps, Military Affairs Committee, Military Areas of Coordination, Military Armistice Commission, Military Assistance Command, Military Aviation College, Missile Advisory Committee, Missile Analysis Center, Mission Assurance Category, Mixed Armistice Commission, Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare Attack Craft, Multi-Array Correlator, main allocation chart, maintenance allocation chart, major air command, maneuver area command, manpower authorization change, maximum admissible concentration, maximum air concentration, medium armoured car, military aid to the community, missile activation circuit, mission assignment code, mobilization availability category, mock air combat, motor ambulance convoy, смешанная комиссия по перемирию, Military Airlift Command (Now Air Mobility Command), Military Airlift Command (сейчас AMC)8) Техника: Macintosh computer, maintenance action card, maintenance analysis center, management advisory committee, material accounting, memory access controller, minimal alveolar concentration, multiple-access computer9) Шутливое выражение: Machine Always Crashes10) Юридический термин: Middle Aged Cops, (Material Adverse Change) существенное неблагоприятное изменение обстоятельств11) Страхование: Maritime Arbitration Commission12) Грубое выражение: Must Act Crappy13) Горное дело: предельно допустимая концентрация14) Металлургия: metal-arc cutting15) Телекоммуникации: Media Access Control (IEEE 802)16) Сокращение: Macedonian, Mainland China Affairs Council (Taiwan), Mean Aerodynamic Chord, Medium Armored Car (USA), Military Airlift Command (Now defunct (USAF)), Modular Artillery Charge system (US Army), Multiply ACcumulate (computer operation), machine-aided cognition, military aircraft command, monitor and control, multi-application computer, multiple access computer, an MIT interdepartmental lab (renamed to LCS; stands for many things), Maintenance Analysis Centre, Military Air Command, Multiple Access Channel, Multiplier-Accumulator, Multiply and Accumulate17) Университет: Man And Computer, Mathematics Access Centre, Mathematics And Computation18) Физиология: Macerated, Monitored Anesthesia Care, Mycobacterium Avium Complex19) Электроника: Multiplexed Analogue Components20) Вычислительная техника: media access control, memory address controller, microprocessor-array computer, multiplexed analog component, расширение файлов растровых изображений MacPaint, Membership Advisory Committee (ICANN), Media Access Control (ISO, OSI, LAN, WLAN), Mandatory Access Control (MLS), Message Authentication Code (SSL, SRT, Verschluesselung), an MIT interdepartmental lab (stands for many things, renamed to LCS)21) Нефть: MPC, maximum acceptable concentration, maximum permissible concentration, карта распределения работ по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance allocation chart), консультативный комитет по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance advisory committee), максимальная допустимая концентрация (minimal allowable concentration), пункт анализа работ по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance analysis center), maximal allowable concentration22) Анестезиология: monitored anesthesia care (анестезиологическое сопровождение), Минимальная альвеолярная концентрация23) Иммунология: membrane attack complex24) Космонавтика: Middle Atmosphere Co-operation programme25) Транспорт: Manifest Analysis And Certification, Midair Attitude Correction, Military Airlift Command26) Воздухоплавание: Multi Access Computer28) Деловая лексика: Marketing Advertising And Communication, Middle Area Conference, Multi Actors Cooperation29) Бытовая техника: управление доступом к среде передачи30) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: mechanical acceptance certificate, (P) manual alarm call (point), генподряд по системам автоматизации, major automatization contractor главный подрядчик по автоматизации31) Образование: Minority Achievement Committee32) Сетевые технологии: Media Access Controller, mandatory access control, medium access control, message authentification code, код аутентификации сообщений, полномочное управление доступом, управление доступом к линии связи, управление доступом к среде34) Полимеры: maximum allowable concentration35) Программирование: Measured Attenuation Correction36) Автоматика: manual adaptive control37) Сахалин Р: Main Automation Contractor, Manual Alarm Call (P)38) Химическое оружие: MAC daily average39) Безопасность: message authentication check40) Криптография: (Message Authentication Code) имитозащита (по крайней мере, в частных случаях программисты имеют в виду это)41) Расширение файла: Media/Medium Access Control, Message Authentication Code, Multiple Access Computers, Macintosh (Apple Macintosh Computer), Graphic format (MAC Paint)42) Нефть и газ: Main Automations Contract, контракт на основные средства автоматизации, основной контракт по автоматике, основной контракт по автоматике трубопровода, main automation contract43) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: Кнопки аварийной пожарной сигнализации44) Майкрософт: код проверки подлинности сообщения45) Общественная организация: Missions Across Canada46) Должность: MAKEUP ART and COSMETICS, Management And Administrative Computing47) Международная торговля: Market Access & Compliance
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